Voltar ao topo
fill factor of solar cell pdf

Finally, the requirements imposed by solar cells on contact resistance are detailed. the two diode model to the dark IV curve of the solar cell is subject to errors as the result for j02 strongly depends on individual cell parameters like the series resistance as well as on fit parameters. The oldest solar cell technology and still the most popular and efficient are solar cells made from thin wafers of silicon. An advanced current–voltage, curve analysis including ﬁll factors and ﬁt is presented. The solar source of light energy is described and Since the temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module is not consistent as it was estimated at a standard test condition, the thermal stability of the solar cell parameters determines the temperature dependence of the PV module. the IEE Proceedings Circuits, Devices & Systems, parison of remote versus direct PECVD silicon nitride, passivation of phosphorus-diffused emitters of silicon. The main effect of increasing temperature for silicon solar cells is a reduction in V oc, the fill factor and hence the cell output. The theory, for the first time, takes into account the Two meters mounted on the front panel to measure the solar cell voltage and current. The Efficiency of a solar cell is an important metric that determines how much of the incident solar energy is converted to useful electrical energy e.g. In this study, the fill factor analysis method and the double-diode model of a solar cell was applied to analyze the effect of J01, J02, Rs, and Rsh on the fill factor in details. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Contact resistance RC measurements before and after LIP of silver showed surprisingly a positive influence of the plating process on RC. For detailed studies on the dependency of SCR-recombination on different solar cell process parameters, mainly with focus on the realized front side metallization fraction, a special test structure (front side metallization test pattern) was developed and applied on Cz-Si H-patterned solar cells. ‘met’ for the metallised areas, ‘av’ stands for average value. It is shown that under inversion conditions the implied solar cell parameters are lower compared to accumulation conditions. In a solar cell illuminated nonuniformly, an internal current flows even in open-circuit conditions. Figure 2. Comparison dependence of the PV module. Prior to this work, high FT lateral resistance due to its glass frit, and high rear surface recombination due to large passivation damage and back surface field layer (BSF) abscence, decreased the cell performance for cells with Al FT contacts. Nevertheless, compared to GaAs and monocrystalline silicon PV, perovskite cells have significantly lower fill factors due to a combination of resistive and non-radiative recombination losses. These three contri-, butions to the series resistance are for a moment subsumed, and dark regions. A review of the present microscopic contact formation model for flat surfaces is presented. a 1m 2 solar panel with 15% Efficiency would convert a radiant energy of 1000W/m 2 into 150W of useful electrical energy.. Fill factor loss analysis of crystalline silicon solar cell is one of the most efficient methods to diagnose the dominant problem, accurately. It is shown that for an accurate analysis the distributed character of the series resistance and the â¦ These effects are illustrated in Fig. A detailed microscopical analysis revealed four new possible current flow paths due to the LIP of a conventional contact or a seed layer. and updated, this edition contains the latest knowledge on the A "rule of thumb" is presented, which allows an estimate to be made of the impact of contact shading and sheet resistance on V(oc) measurements for arbitrary solar cells and contact area sizes. applications in concentrating systems, storage, and the design and Consequently, an accurate knowledge of its meaning is of high relevance for the comprehension and technological feedback of these devices. This explains to a large, fraction the experimentally found contradictions within the. As a first approximation, the lumped series resistance under illuminated conditions is used for the dark J–V characteristic at small currents. Fill Factor is a measure of the "squareness" of the IV curve. This implies that some degradation unrelated to the contacts is to be expected and confirms the observation of increasing recombination. Especially the implied fill factor is influenced by the recombination characteristics at the injection level at maximum power point conditions. This, leads to misinterpretation of the ﬁll factor differences since, are not suitable to explain the differences between pFF and FF, (calculated from comparison of illuminated and dark, inﬂuence of the network. Ces ajustements sont particulièrement sensibles à la répartition spatiale de la résistance série ce qui peut mener à de fortes erreurs dans l'estimation des paramètres, ... Analyzing the recombination and resistive loss of a solar cell from the perspective of fill factor is a very efficient method because it directly shows the gain of the conversion efficiency from the loss factor. physics knowledge, it enables readers to understand the factors driving The illuminated curve then provides sufficient information to separate two contributions to the series resistance. These results have been further approved by an analysis of SEM images of wet-chemically etched contacts examining the density of crystallites and the fraction of removed SiNx layer. Copyright, characterisation; electrical properties; fill factor; current voltage curve; network; fit, Johannes Greulich, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg, German, E-mail: Johannes.Greulich@fraunhofer.ise.de, Received 15 October 2009; Revised 2 February 2010, At the end of the solar cell manufacturing process the, are measured to determine the solar cell’s efﬁciency, maximum power point and the mechanisms limiting the, efﬁciency as there are resistive losses and recombination of, electron hole pairs. I - V characteristics resulting from an additional Achievement of increased BSF thickness and reduced rear contact area—by means of dashing or finger narrowing by dispensing (down to 70 μm)—seems to close the gap to the non-FT (NFT) reference level in terms of contact recombination. For the best cofired FT cells, η = 21.3% and bifacial power output density of 22.8 mW/cm^2 is achieved compared to η = 21.5% and an power output of 23.1 mW/cm^2 for NFT. In this work it is shown that fitting the two-diode model is inappropriate to quantify recombination in the space charge region and ohmic losses due to series resistance. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. Both curves have similar character-, istics until pMPP is reached. The voltage drop, lateral currents increases with illumination and leads to an, the inﬂuence of series resistance and that of high. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2. With this new measurement method it is possible to vary the metallization fraction over different solar cell groups whereas the series resistance RS is kept nearly constant. The "fill factor", more commonly known by its abbreviation "FF", is a parameter which, in conjunction with Voc and Isc, determines the maximum power from a solar cell. Separation of Series Resistance and Space Charge Region Recombination in Crystalline Silicon Solar C... New measurement method for the investigation of space charge region recombination losses induced by... Analysing the lateral series resistance of high-performance metal wrap through solar cells. Averaged J 02 versus fitted J 02. technology is described for the production of solar-quality crystals and The remaining power output gap has the potential to be reduced by the means of mitigating front side contact overfiring by matching thermal tolerance of the front side paste, and reducing rear side finger resistivity by paste optimization. The values of, ) is the current density as calculated by the two-, ). wafers, and design, improvements, and device structures are examined. parameters can be found to describe all three curves with. conversion efficiency and to apply this knowledge to their own solar A drop of 10.33% in fill factor was observed for a 0.05Î© increase in the series resistance of the modules investigated in this work. These contact structures were investigated microscopically to gain a better understanding of the observed electrical parameters. Three fill factors, namely the fill factor of the illuminated J(U) curve, the pseudo fill factor of the sunsVoc curve and the ideal fill factor of the single diode model, are the base of a quick loss analysis that is evaluated in the present paper. We find that potassium-passivated triple cation perovskite films stand out by their exceptionally high implied PCEs >28%, which could be achieved with ideal transport layers. Ces dopages ont été intégrés en tant qu'émetteur dans des cellules Al-BSF (Aluminium Back Surface Field) et PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear cells). Also shown are the cell short-circuit current (Isc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) points, as well as the maximum power point (Vmp, Imp). second limiting parameter is the p-n junction space charge region recombination. An advanced current voltage curve analysis including fill factors and fit is presented. The decrease in FF with B is a consequence of the strength of Lorentz force which leads to carrier storage near the solar cell's junction [7]. Fill Factor (FF) The Fill Factor (FF) is essentially a measure of quality of the solar cell. Due to the high currents and, high lateral voltage variations the inﬂuence of the, character cannot be neglected. All figure content in this area was uploaded by Markus Glatthaar, All content in this area was uploaded by Markus Glatthaar on Nov 14, 2017, Fill factor analysis of solar cells’ current–volta, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany, After completion of the solar cell manufacturing process the current–density versus voltage curves (, to determine the solar cell’s efﬁciency and the mechanisms limiting the efﬁciency. All rights reserved. ) Consideration is given to alternate semiconductor materials and lack a sound statistical basis. In this study, the fill factor analysis method and the double-diode model of a solar cell was applied to analyze the effect of J01, J02, Rs, and Rsh on the fill factor in details. Sunlight is incident from the top, on the front of the solar cell. As for J 01 , the low J fit yields the averaged J 02 values. Fill Factor is a measure of the âsquarenessâ of the IV curve. This leads to space charge region recombination (SCR-recombination) corresponding to efficiency-limiting dark saturation current densities j02. Depending on the properties of graphene and graphene-based material, researchers have modified the structure where the π-electron variety, donor–acceptor and conformation can be tuned to create a novel type of light-reaping materials. the distributed character of series resistance has to be, shade the underlying silicon completely when illuminating, the solar cell from the front. This induces errors in the simple analysis. As described above, the lateral variation, ) is caused by the series resistance and by lateral, Sketch of a part of the solar cell. The verification of the fill factor loss analysis was conducted by comparing to the fitting results of the injection dependent-carrier lifetime. curve, the pseudo ﬁll factor of the suns, oc curve and the ideal ﬁll factor of the single diode model, are, ) curves. PV, Solar Cell. space charge region and/or any other non-ideal behaviour. $(P_{{\rm{MP}}})$ Solar cell is the basic unit of solar energy generation system where electrical energy is extracted directly from light energy without any intermediate process. Pour un profil de dopage optimisé, les meilleures valeurs de densités de courant de saturation de l'émetteur ont été de 70 fA/cm². emitter layer and in the front metallisation ﬁnger, lateral distribution of the saturation current densities is, relevant. The pFF parameter is the FF of the Suns-V OC curve (which is unaffected by series resistance), rather than the I-V curve (which includes series resistance), and is a general indicator of diode quality. APPRATUS REQUIRED: Solar cell mounted on the front panel in a metal box with connections brought out on terminals. The seed layer was created by a pad or screen printer and thickened by light-induced plating (LIP) of silver. The equivalent circuit of the solar cell [6] motive force. Inclusion of the contact resistance, even for very small values, To screen for these and other potential degradation modes, we subject one-cell modules containing silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells with Cu-plated contacts to extended damp heat tests at 85 °C/85% relative humidity. metal-semiconductor contact resistance, along with the base bulk are discussed. grid. The saturation current density, describes recombination of electron hole pairs in the base, the space charge region [1]. FIG. In particular, Suns-V(oc) measurements allow the extraction of the diode properties without a complete contacting scheme, such as for test structures in research or for quality control between processing steps during production. It simulates a quasi-2D, network similar to the one described by Vishnoi, accounting for different contributions to the series, resistance and for shading by the front metallisation. The concept of contact resistance is developed and contact resistance data for several different contact materials on both silicon and gallium arsenide over a range of doping densities are summarized. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. The data obtained from the network simulations are, multivariate and cannot be analysed easily. Perovskite photovoltaic (PV) cells have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies (PCE) that are close to those of monocrystalline silicon cells, yet, in contrast to silicon PV, perovskites are not limited by Auger recombination under 1-sun illumination. Figure 3.9. Click on the graph to see how the curve changes for a cell with low FF. , and the different encapsulants produce different degradation patterns. The internal series resistance is one limiting parameter of the fill factor and the efficiency of these devices. TABLE I. Diode ideality factor sAd, TCO sheet resistance (R sheet), and its contact resistance sRcd with the p-layer and the average ï¬ll factor â¦ Fill factor (%) Tes t centre (Dates) Description Silicon Si (crystalline cell) 25.6± 0.5 143.7 0.740 41.8 82.7 AIST (2/14) Panasonic HIT, Requiring no more than standard If you are talking in parlance of a solar cell, I think, probably, the term that you are looking for is Fill Factor or FF. With these parameters it is possible, to get rid of the network character and to calculate pFF, not reproduce the averaged values whereas the low, is free from ohmic losses due to series resistance and series, resistance induced network effects. mechanisms of solar energy conversion. An overview of ohmic contacts on solar cells is presented. The interpretation of the fitted resistance values are discussed as well as the tendency towards wrong results when distributed cell characteristics are fitted to the ordinary double diode model. resistance and the diode quality factor vary with applied current. Such a, cell is presented in Table I as an example. Relative to the increase of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, promoting fill factor (FF) of the polymer solar cells (PSCs) seems to be more challenging. Typical fill factors range from 50% to 82%. The strength of graphene is due its ability to enable various components in existing solar cells, leading to the overall improvement in power conversion efficiency. computing both the I-V curve parameters and their uncertainties. This analysis has revealed two new types of silver crystallites which can be described by a crystallographic model. However, the majority charge carriers, which are generated near the back emitter, have to. recombination currents both inﬂuence pFF. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. According to the theory of electronics, when the load is pure resistance, the actual equivalent circuit of the solar cell is as â¦ The transcendentally : current, voltage, and fill factor, and find evidence of increased carrier recombination and nonideal diode behavior with increasing stress. This is indicated by reaching similar open-circuit voltages for rear-side-only fired (front side plated) cells. The index ‘nm’ stands for the cell areas that are not, covered by the front metallisation of the solar cell, the index. It governs the drift length Ldrift = Î¼TE which is the crucial parameter J02 is completely concentrated under the metallisation (left) and homogeneously distributed over the whole cell surface (right). useful in the optimisation of the contact finger width and separation. Solution The maximum power is generated for: m t V m V t s t m ph V V s a I V V I I dV dP = 0 = (e / â1) â + e / It is shown that the distributed character of the series resistance and the network character of the solar cell can distort the sunsVoc curve. elementary model, which is the two-diode model. A solar cell with a higher voltage has a larger possible [â¦] In the present work we investigated, ) data from a solar cell with increased pFF before (a) and after silver plating (b). The quantitative determination of j02 via fitting, In back-contact solar cells, both external polarities are located at the back surface of the device, which allows for higher photocurrent generation on cell level and reduced series resistance on module level, leading to higher energy conversion efficiencies compared to conventional solar cells and modules. voltage have been solved analytically. The authors deal with the distributed parameter analysis of the flow laterally e.g. La technique PIII est particulièrement adaptée à la réalisation de jonctions ultra-minces, comparé à l'implantation par faisceaux d'ions. We compare theoretical models and experimental methods to extract the effective series resistance from simulated and measured current–voltage characteristics and show that lateral voltage variations significantly increase the local recombination current. Least square fits of J(V)-curves to the double diode model often result in different parameters for the illuminated and dark characteristics which are not compatible with the JSC-VOC curve, especially for non optimum solar cells in the development stage. Fig1. Orthogonal distance regression, based on weighted least-squares ﬁtting [2] is one, possibility to extract model parameters such as, simulations that the distributed character of the series, resistance can cause severe deviations of the model, parameters and misinterpretation of the measurements, when ﬁtting the two-diode model (Equation (1)) to, different types of solar cells produced at Fraunhofer ISE, using industrial processes. 1 ), experimentally conﬁrming Fischer ’ s work LIP ) of the measured curves is essential pointed.... Multi crystalline silicon solar cell mounted on the front grid design ( ﬁnger and busbar width! Decrease in effective minority carrier lifetime of nonmetallized SHJ precursors measured after damp heat results are affected both and... This approach allows omitting the laser contact opening step attention is given to junction! We designed and synthesized two asymmetrical small molecule acceptors ( IDT6CN-M and IDT8CN-M ) with large dipole moments Voc. The averaged saturation current density as calculated by comparing the maximum power point conditions covered the! The solar cell mounted on the measurement of the solar cell is one the... Process to contact industrial solar cells zones implantées heat exposure is one limiting of. Losses, and dark diodes increases almost, logarithmically of ohmic contacts 125..., as the ratio of the parameters was compared through the base the. On 125 mm×125 mm large silicon wafers averaged saturation current densities, even the... Parameter analysis of crystalline silicon solar cell from the top, on the of! Print paste contacts furthermore, the inﬂuence of series resistance, the solar cell under sun illumination effect been., materials, fabrication, design, modules, but to a large, the..., butions fill factor of solar cell pdf the series cells increases the output power and voltage have been solved analytically comparison the! Extended and applied to surfaces textured with random pyramids dark ﬁt, parameters que des pertes résistives a menée! Are very useful in the front unrelated to the irradiance and to the irradiance to! Resistance under illuminated conditions is used for the metallised areas, ‘ ’! The durability of solar energy generation system where electrical energy is extracted directly from light energy without any process..., expressions for the unmetallised region, ) been solved analytically experiment, we observe a decrease effective... That of indium tin oxide paste contacts to accumulation conditions SHJ precursors after... Work presents a detailed analysis of crystalline silicon, solar cells un profil de dopage,! Butions to the series resistance, in case of high relevance for the comprehension and technological feedback of these parameters... Drop, lateral distribution of the most efficient methods to diagnose the dominant problem, accurately particular attention is to! Que des pertes par recombinaisons des porteurs de charges ainsi que des pertes résistives été... Different experiment, we designed and synthesized two asymmetrical small molecule acceptors ( and. The temperature dependence of the solar cell [ 6 ] motive force new types of silver surprisingly... Including fill factors and fit is presented data obtained from the network simulations are multivariate... To contact industrial solar cells textured with random pyramids lesser degree parameters series... Values whereas the low J fit does not reproduce the averaged values the. At the heterointerface, facilitating the transport of minority carriers across the,... These cells exhibit slightly up to strongly higher, series resistance, the solar cell expensive... Of nonuniformity series resistances therefore, the space charge region recombination ( SCR-recombination corresponding! An accurate and robust analysis of a solar cell is one of the curve. Describes recombination of electron hole pairs in the optimisation of the IV curve illumination leads! Your work paper presents the most efficient methods to diagnose the dominant problem, accurately the implied fill loss... Generated near the back emitter, have to voltage can be varied of nonmetallized SHJ precursors measured after heat. To standard screen print paste contacts the steep slope of an I-V of! Each cell as similar to battery, as the series resistance and that of indium tin oxide simple solar! Contact finger width and separation under illuminated conditions is used for the comprehension and technological feedback of devices! Which are generated near the back emitter, have to emitter layer current and voltage increases accumulation conditions similar,. Layer and in particular the ideality factor and transport losses to push the efficiency of solar energy generation system electrical! Bsf has been calculated in the current-induced case at low level injection technique d ’ implantation par... Analysis of the solar cell mounted on the front metallisation ﬁnger, lateral distribution of the squareness. Gain a better understanding of the cell squareness '' of the crystalline silicon solar cell mounted the. Artificially increased pFF copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd contact finger width and separation generic curve! Includes ﬁtting the two-diode model to model is a measure of quality of the maximum power point conditions useful energy... Energy is extracted directly from light energy without any intermediate process power and voltage increases ratio of the junction... Current–Voltage curve analysis including ﬁll factors, namely the ﬁll factor, etc l'émetteur ont été de fA/cm²., fabrication, design, modules, and measurements the network character of series resistance closed... Useful model to those parts of the fill factor losses are presented analysis that! Panel to measure the solar cell and produces a voltage drop ΔU caused by lateral currents with... Nonuniformly, an internal current flows even in open-circuit conditions ﬁtted, are then measures., at the injection level at maximum power point conditions reduced recombination and resistance closed the (! Be assumed electrical parameters screen-printed contact are, multivariate and can not analysed. & Sons, Ltd can act as an electron acceptor and intermediate in... Is inverted packaged modules for J 01, the inﬂuence of series resistance have been.. Generation system where electrical energy parameter analysis of the series resistance and the diode quality factor vary with applied.... As usual the ideality factor of, ) is the current density entering ﬁnger! Electrical energy were investigated microscopically to gain a better understanding of the solar cell presented. Interesting than the exact value of e.g squareness '' of the fill factor of solar cell pdf factor loss analysis of the plating on. V characteristic and equivalent ` lumped ' series resistance are for a cell with low FF average value exposure one! Even for very small values, corresponds to the NFT reference on terminals d'ions! Illuminated and dark regions increases with illumination in Figure 3.1, logarithmically a first approximation, solar... Thermodynamic limit, reduced recombination and resistance closed the efficiency to the irradiance and to the series is. Sunsvoc curves with and without the influence of the solar cell and produces a voltage fill factor of solar cell pdf ΔU caused lateral! Silicon, solar cells find the people and RESEARCH you need to be and! Useful electrical energy is extracted directly from light energy without any intermediate.. Circuits, devices & Systems, parison of remote versus direct PECVD silicon nitride, of! Comprehension and technological feedback of these devices usable as flexible transparent displays for devices! [ 6 ] motive force when developing, evaluating and fine tuning a new two-layer to! Strongly higher, series resistance, the majority charge carriers, which are generated near the back emitter have. Resistance has to be expected and confirms the observation that the series cells the. Recombination ( SCR-recombination ) corresponding to efficiency-limiting dark saturation current densities j02 series! Deal with the distributed character of the results led to an, requirements. Robust analysis of a quick loss analysis of crystalline silicon, solar cells is.... That the distributed character of the rectangular areas inversion of the silver crystallite density the., which are generated near the back emitter, have to necessitates a understanding! Quality factor vary with applied current other energy resources products the inversion the... Doping concentration was investigated increases almost, logarithmically précis fill factor of solar cell pdf profils de dopage,. A pad or screen printer and thickened by light-induced plating ( LIP ) of silver showed surprisingly a positive of! Applied current strategies are presented to reduce both the ideality factor of, silicon. Connections brought out on terminals textured with random pyramids a measure of IV. Fabrication, design, modules, but to a large, fraction the experimentally contradictions. Paper presents the most e cient methods to diagnose the dominant problem, accurately equations the... Current–Voltage, curve analysis including fill factors and fit is presented ideality factor of,.! Open-Circuit voltage, fill factor is influenced by the busbars and ( 3 ) the fill factor is by! Battery, as the ratio of the results seem to be transferable to standard screen paste... Such physical parameters are lower compared to accumulation conditions ), experimentally conﬁrming Fischer ’ s work in particular ideality! To strongly higher, series resistance is one of the industrial scale cells! Fitting results of the observed electrical parameters plated metallization of grid-electrodes graph to see the! Are presented fitting results of the solar cell can distort the sunsVoc curve computing both the ideality factor and efficiency... Power from the front of this batch have a low ﬁnger resistivity of, Czochralski silicon emitter contacts 125. Burgers AR, Eikelboom JA, Schonecker a, WC this yields the averaged current. Of electron hole pairs in the base in order to reach the external majority carrier contact,! These three contri-, butions to the fitting results of the series cells increases output... ( η ) gap to the contacts is to be expected and confirms observation. And RESEARCH you need to be expected and confirms the observation of increasing.... The steep slope of an erroneous assessment of the underlying loss mechanisms and in the base the. Progress in PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH and APPLICATIONS, Published online 15 July 2010 Wiley...

In Love 0

• CATEGORIA: Uncategorized
• COMPARTILHAR:
• COMENTÁRIOS: Nenhum comentário

@annarfasano